The Thyroid Gland Disorder in women
The thyroid gland, situated prominently in the throat of both men and women, plays a pivotal role in the endocrine system. Governed by the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) released by the pituitary gland, it oversees growth, hormone release, and contributes significantly to the aging process of the human body.
The hormones produced by the thyroid also wield control over metabolism. If an individual experiences difficulties in digestion, unexplained fatigue, changes in muscle tone, mood swings, or abrupt fluctuations in weight, investigating thyroid function is crucial.
Interestingly, women are more susceptible to thyroid malfunction than men, a phenomenon still not fully understood. Women undergo significant hormonal fluctuations during pregnancy and menopause, which may contribute to this vulnerability. Genetic predisposition is another critical factor, with 1 in 5 women facing thyroid dysfunction having a genetic mutation in the TSHB gene. In a majority of cases, abnormal thyroid function stems from an autoimmune condition.
Regular checks of thyroid function are recommended, especially during viable pregnancies and at the onset of menopause. Screening typically involves assessing TSH and T4 levels. These guidelines cover various thyroid conditions such as Thyroid Nodular Disease, Graves’ disease, Goiter, and Hashimoto’s disease.
Among thyroid disorders, hypothyroidism is more prevalent, affecting 15-20% of women over the age of 50. Characterized by insufficient thyroxine production, it manifests as sleepiness, fatigue, cold limbs, and digestive issues like constipation. Hyperthyroidism, marked by excessive thyroxine production, is less common, occurring in 1% of women and even less in men. Symptoms range from trouble sleeping to sudden weight loss, irregular menstrual cycles, and changes in the skin, nails, and hair.
Thyroid disease can be elusive due to varied symptoms, often going undetected in women. Hence, the ATA recommends TSH level screening every five years after the age of 35. Special health checkups are necessary for women with conditions like anemia, goitre, and Type 1 diabetes. Pregnant women and those planning pregnancies should routinely check TSH levels.
The treatment of thyroid disorders typically involves long-term, simple, and cost-effective measures. Daily supplementation of Thyroxine is commonly prescribed for a lifetime. Other treatment modalities for hyperthyroidism, such as radioiodine therapy and surgery, may be considered based on factors like patient age, pregnancy, and the nature of the disorder. Swollen thyroid nodules require evaluation, with benign nodules monitored for growth, and cancer suspicion leading to further investigations like thyroid function tests, ultrasound, and FNAC, often culminating in surgery if necessary.